Government In Afghaniestan

Ahmad Shah Abdali

The founding father of the modern day Afghanistan, he is known as Ahmad Shah Baba among Afghans. He was born in 1722 in Herat. He served as a commander in Nadir Shah's army. After Nadir Shah's death, he took control of the area he was commanding. He was elected the King of Afghanistan by an assembly of Pashtun chiefs in 1747. During his reign, Ahmad Shah Baba invaded India eight times in a quest to bring more territory under his empire's control. Ahmad Shah Baba's empire extended from eastern Persia to Northern India and from Amu Darya to the Indian Ocean. He died on April 14, 1772 and was buried in Kandahar, the capital of his empire. AHMAD SHAH, the founder of the Durrani monarchy, rose from the mere character of a partisan, to a distinguished command in the service of the Persian conqueror; Nadir Shah. Of the family of the Saddozis, and chief of the tribe of Ahdali, the most illustrious family of the Afghans, he was, in his youth, imprisoned in a fortress, with his elder brother Zulfikar Khan, by Husain Khan, governor of Kandahar for the Ghalzis, which powerful tribe of Afghans, after overrunning the whole of Persia, had, a few years previously, trodden the throne of the sufis in the dust, and conquered that mighty empire.

Abdul Majid Zabuli

Abdul Majid Zabuli was the founder of Afghanistan's banking system and through it developed the economy, imported and installed plants and factories such as power plants, textile mills and others. Zabuli founded the Ashami company in 1932, and it eventually developed into the Afghan National Bank (Bank-i-Milli Afghanistan). Up until the 1990s the Afghan National Bank had seven branches in Kabul, and ten in other provinces. It also had offices in such cities as Karachi (Pakistan), Hamburg (Germany), London (England), and New York (USA). He also founded the Da Afghanistan Bank, and the Industrial bank. He was educated in Herat and later at Tashkent. He became Minister of National Economy in 1936 and served his country in this position until the 1950s. He was born in August of 1896, and he died in November of 1998. Zabuli was very much concerned with the young Afghan generation and he used his wealth to support various forms of education and assistance for them..

Abdurahman Baba

At the dawn of seventeenth century, at the age of invasions from the West by Persians and East by Moghols, a the time when Afghans were in the mist of war in every corner of the nation, a the time when education was the last thing in peoples' mind, a legend was born. In the high hills of the Afghan nation, in the provincial area of Mohmand, a child was born, by the name of Abdul Rahman. Abdul Rahman would become one of the greatest poet in the history of the Pashto literature. Abdul Rahman was a man of character and great charisma. As a child, he loved to study and always occupied himself in getting a good education, no matter what it took. He spent much time and effort trying to teach himself. At a young age, he started studying and reading poetry and became fond of it. He had a gift, poetry, which he would not realize, until later in his life. As he grew older, he started having doubts upon what he was doing, which was studying and writing poetry. He felt lost and not sure about what he was writing, why he was writing and to whom he was writing. Because of this, he entirely abandoned material needs of this world and gave himself to the mercy of God. The spiritual aspect of God's presents upon him, made him understand that the true way of life was through his religion, Islam. Living a life in solitude, he did not want anyone bothering him when he prayed to God. He had a unique and creative way of praying to God through the gift he had, poetry. He had a deep passion for God, which resulted in writing numerous poems in His honor. Through the understanding of his religion, he wrote magnificent poems, which made him famous in a short period of time. People admired his work, from Afghanistan to Central Asia to the Indian Subcontinent. Religious scholars found the real meaning of life in his poems. National and political leaders used his poetry for independent uprisings. Musicians used his poetry in their songs. Soon everyone wanted his books, be it for political, religious or other interests and desires. Due to his popularity, Afghans gave him an honorable name "Baba" (Grand father of the nation). One of the great religious scholar of Suwat(A city in current Pakistan), Suwat Saheeb, said: "If any other then, the book of God, was permissible for prayer, I would have defiantly chosen Rahman's book." Rahman Baba published two books from his collections of poetry, which were distributed all over the Afghan nation. Soon his work became a model for new poets, and as a result, many people started learning his way and his direction. A school of poetry was built in his honor and many people came to study in this schools. The Founding Father of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Baba, was one of the students of his school of poetry. Shakespeare has mentioned that philosophers, poets and insane people are of one nature. A person cannot become one of these just by trying, but they are born that way and they have no choice other then to live by the nature of their life. After looking through Rahman Baba's poetry, one comes to the conclusion that this great poet was born a poet and had brought the gift of poetry with him from eternal life. Readers will not understand his poetry unless they feel that what their reading is indeed their own thoughts. This might be hard to comprehend but poetry was never meant to be easy. When one opens Rahman Baba's book, they immediately realize that their heart is speaking to them. A reader might wonder how a book written more then four hundred years ago would have their feeling and thoughts of today. It seem as if Rahman Baba's books were written for today's need of literature and one can be sure, that is the case. Rahman Baba has written difficult poetry in such a unique way that one can immediately grasp the meaning. He has put comprehensive subject into a very layman term. Rahman Baba wanted to teach Afghans and, through Afghans, the whole world the real meaning of life through the love and magnificence of God. He fought against humans' greediness and mischief and promptly explains this devilish worship in most of his poems. Louis Dupree, in his book "Afghanistan", pointed out to Rahman Baba's teaching: "Rahman Baba was a mystic then warrior. But his mysticism, born of Sufism, also touches the Pashtun cultural essence. Not so proud and fiercely militant as Khushal Khan Khatak, Rahman Baba continually warned the ambitious and proud of their base earthly origin." Rahman Baba himself explain here: Live not with thy head showing in the clouds, Thou art by birth the offspring of this earth, The stream that passed the sluice cannot again flow back, Nor can again return the misspent time that sped, Consider well the deeds of the good and bad, Whether in this thy profit lieth or in that. Rahman Baba loved music and dancing. He specially loved to play the Rabab (an Afghan musical instrument similar to a guitar). By loving beauty of every kind, no matter if it was a human, an animal, or nature, he would describe the eternal beauty of God as a final stage. Considering the beauty here on earth as merely small portion of the beauty to come, he always focused on eternal greatness and beauty which to him was his love, God. Dr. Abdul Hay Habibi PHD, a great scholar of Afghanistan, described Rahman Baba's poetic structure in these terms. He stated the following: In this structure a poet accepts eternal believes, which are completely dislodged with this world, and are speaking of a world, great and wonderful, with all its greatness. Poets are away from all the misery of this world and are speaking of peace and humanity, and are usually away from all the troubles of this world. Feelings and presentation of this structure are pure and wonderful, and the words chosen are simple and to the point. All types of poetry speaks of pure love and morals. Believe in the true love and avoid evil and use fantasy is a common theme. Poets believe in love being the center of human life,which depends on intellectual wisdom. Rahman Baba's poetry is still a great value to Pashto literature and still there are numerous student of his structure today. His fans and students of his school come to his grave side in Peshawar ( N.W.F.P) to remember him on his birth date each year. Poets from all over come to honor him in this special occasion by reciting poems and speeches on his honor, and this will continue for ages.

Mohammad Nadir Shah-King of Afghanistan

King of Afghanistan 1929-33. Born in 1883. He chose military as his carrier. He commanded the government forces against the Mangals in 1912. He was awarded the title General for his services. He was appointed Commander-in-chief in 1914. He commanded the Afghan troops in Paktia in third Anglo-Afghan War 1n 1919. He was appointed Minister of War in 1919. Due to policy differences with King Amanullah, Nadir Khan was appointed Afghan minister to Paris in 1924. After King Amanullah was overthrown by Bacha-e Saqao, Nadir Khan returned to Afghanistan via India with his brothers Shah Wali Khan and Shah Mahmud Khan. He amassed tribal troops and attacked Kabul. After initial setbacks, his brother Shah Wali Khan finally managed to capture Kabul in October of 1929. Two days later, Nadir Khan was proclaimed Afghanistan's King. He fought those who favored the return of King Amanullah. He executed Ghulam Nabi, a supporter of King Amanullah. He was assassinated in 1933 by a student. During his reign, Nadir Khan reopened many schools. He established faculty of Medicine, which later became Kabul University with the addition of a few more faculties.